Chemical composition of urine changes with standing and formed elements degenerate with time 4. Urea is a nontoxic molecule made of toxic ammonia and carbon dioxide. The abnormal constituents of urine are sugar glucose, ketone bodies, blood, protein and bile. Explain the significance of the components of a routine urinalysis. Over 99 percent of urinary solutes are composed of only 68 chemicals which have a concentration of 10 mgl. Jun 08, 2018 this video aims to enlighten the viewer about urine analysis. Physical properties of urine abnormal constituents of urine part 1 biochemistry by dr rajesh jambhulkar.
The present study was carried out to investigate the normal and abnormal microscopic constituents of urine of sickle cell anemic patients of district amravati, ms india in order to study the. Urinalysis interpretation university of wisconsinmadison. Jul 28, 2016 urinalysis is the examination of urine based on normal and abnormal findings. Analytical determination of nicotine and related compounds and their metabolites, 1999. Always wear gloves whilst messing about with another persons pee.
Urine composition and function chemistry libretexts. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Pdf biochemical composition of normal urine researchgate. Urine casts are cylindrical, cigarshaped structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease conditions. All casts are composed of a mucoprotein known as tammhorsfall protein which is secreted by the distal loop of henle, the distal tubule and the collecting ducts at a fairly constant rate. When the body metabolizes fats incompletely, ketones are excreted in the urine resulting in ketonuria. Haematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine. The attraction of insects indicates honey urine which was known to be excreted by people with boils. The detection of aminoacids in urine sample using ninhydrine. The common abnormal constituents of urine and the implication of their presence are discussed below in short. A study on abnormal constituents of urine in jaundice condition.
The normal chemical composition of urine is mainly water content. Mosher from the climax rubber company, new york recehd for publication, november 16, 1932 although much attention has been directed to the study of t,he chemical components of human urine and blood with the aim of. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents request pdf. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents. This is the chief endproduct of protein catabolism in man. However, some substances are there which are not present in easily noticeable amounts in urine of healthy individuals but are found in the urine of individuals suffering from certain disease. Urine examination helps in the diagnosis of various renal as well as systemic diseases.
Diabetes mellitus, abnormal constituents, diabetic ketoacidosis. Composition and concentrative properties of huun urine by david f. Springer nature is developing a new tool to find and. This chapter is intended to give a basic knowledge of the kidney structure and urine formation as an important aid in understanding urinalysis and test interpretation. Substances which are not present in easily detectable amounts in urine of normal healthy individuals but are present in the urine under certain diseased conditions are said to be abnormal constituents of urine. Perhaps, one of the earliest known record of urine test was the technique of pouring urine on the ground and observing whether or not it attracted insects. Clinical urine tests today duly note the gross color, turbidity, and odor of urine but also include urinalysis, which chemically analyzes the urine and quantifies its constituents. What are the abnormal constituents of urine answers. Excessive excretion of porphyrins in urine gives rise to pink or brown urine. Positive in urine cause notes blood hematuria bleeding because of damage to kidney or genitourinary system,eg. The effect of the type of urine collection in the detection of urine constituents. It highlights and describes various types of routine urine examination including physical, chemical and microscopic examination. In this article, we discuss the normal ph range for urine, and what abnormal test.
Plastic strip dipped in urine sample test for various chemical components of urine results in seconds to minutes often performed in emergency departments or ambulatory clinics that do not have a micro lab available associated with false negatives use caution if a negative dipstick test results in a patient with symptoms of a uti. Feb 27, 2019 urine is a liquid waste material produced in and excreted by the body. Immerse the dipstick completely in the specimen of fresh urine. Those dipsticks make a pretty good catapult for drops of eyeballseeking urine.
There is no abnormal range as such, since the urine can normally vary from acid to alkaline. Some abnormal constituents in urine the following are some abnormal constituent that not normally found in detectable amount. In jaundice, the urinary level of these pigments becomes abnormally high, rendering the urine yellow in colour. Normal urine in all animal species contains little or small amount of protein from desquamation of epithelial cells and other sources, but the amount is insufficient to produce a positive reaction to the standard test. A study on abnormal constituents of urine in jaundice. Request pdf qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents in ancient period analysis of body excretion was done for diagnosis of. A significant number of urinary casts usually indicates the presence of. Urine can be collected and examined easily, and presence of certain substances in the urine may indicate the metabolic state of the body. Some of the disease are associated with an excretion of abnormal constituents in urine. The importance in prenatal care lies more in ensuring that urine is examined satisfac torily than in the methods employed. There are several conditions that can cause abnormal components to be excreted in urine or present as abnormal characteristics of urine.
Three types of urine sample are traditionally used for analysis and occasionally for calculation of derived variables. The other methods are called confirmatory tests because the most common use is to confirm a positive or negative result obtained using the reagent strip. The urine may be colored green, brown or deep yellow if bile pigments are present in the urine as occurs in posthepatic jaundice. Urinalysis using simulated urine w56625 the detection, followed by the correct diagnosis, of disease is a process that often involves the recognition, investigation, and analysis of a variety of factors. Discuss at least 4 factors that can increase or decrease specific gravity. Urine is the body fluid that receives both natural compounds that result from normal or abnormal body metabolism and xenobiotic compounds and their metabolites as a result of clearance from the systemic circulation. Normally about 30 grams of urea are excreted in the urine per day and it comprises 85% to 92% of the total urinary n but on a low protein diet.
Proteinuriaprotein content in urine, often due to leaky or damaged glomeruli. Urine is the important excretory fluid from the body. When the rate of hemolysis is very high, the hemoglobin is released into plasma and excreted in as the abnormal constituents of urine. Secreted by the renal tubules, it accumulates in the urinary bladder and is excreted via the urethra. In determining whether pathological conditions exist through urine analysis, it is necessary to perform both physical and chemical tests. Physical properties of urine abnormal constituents of urine part 1 duration. Its excretion is directly proportional to the protein intake. Describe the composition and functions of selected body. Types of casts found in urine and their clinical significance. The following are some of the abnormal constituents of urine and some possible causes. Irjala abstract relaxation times ti of normal and abnormal urine samples were measured with a 0. Urinalysis is the examination of urine based on normal and abnormal findings. The mean calorific content of urine may be approximately 100 kcalday. Composition of urine normal urine is a yellow fluid.
Enzymebased chemical biosensors are based on biological recognition. Publications home of jama and the specialty journals of the. The chemical tests will be for ph, protein, glucose, ketones, hemoglobin. An early morning urine sample is usually the most concentrated of. Name three constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists. Urine boundless anatomy and physiology lumen learning. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected, as bacteria in the urine are unusual otherwise. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Abnormal constituents of urine linkedin slideshare. Normally urine consists of water and some impurities like urea, uric acid, ions and creatinine. A microscopic examination of urine may reveal the presence of certain abnormal urinary constituents.
Proteinuria albuminuria is the presence of albumin and globulin in the urine in abnormal concentrations. Biochemistry urine analysis normal and abnormal urine constituents. Urine is the excretory product of the body produced by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Urine is a liquid byproduct of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Reagent strips are the most widely used technique for detecting constituents present in the urine. First voided morning urine is ideal when evaluating suspected glomerulonephritis. The ketone test is based on the development of colors ranging from light pink to maroon when ketones react with nitroprusside. A dark brown urine may indicate methemoglobinuria or alkaptonuria. A normal adult excretes daily from ml to 1800 ml of urine. G,volume chemical hb, bilirubin,glucose, amino acid, leukocyte, protein, ascorbic acid, ketone bodies,uroblinogen micromacro bacteria nitrite experiments 1detection of some abnormal constituent of urine using test strip 2the effect of the type of urine specimen on the detection of a constituents.
The dietary intake of food and fluid is the major cause of variation in both the fecal and urine composition and these variables should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted. These are pathological or abnormal constituents of urine. What is the meaning of abnormal constituents of urine. To study the abnormal constituents of urine in diabetic patients. Blood and protein in urine are important markers for the disease. Oliguria reduced output volume of urine below 500mls can be caused by. Glucosuria glucose in urine caused by diabetes mellitus but sometimes may be caused by stress epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown. Reagent strips are the most widely used technique for detecting constituents present in the urine and. The normal chemical composition of urine is mainly water content, but it also includes. Examination of urine for normal constituents springerlink. Abnormal constituents of urine biology for everybody. For this reason, it is important for the physician to correlate the urine ph with other information to determine whether there is a problem. Explain the relationship between the color, specific gravity, and volume of urine. Any abnormal constituents found in urine are an indication of disease.
Hematuria is also observed in renal stones, cancer, tuberculosis like diseases. Other constituents include urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, creatinine and other dissolved ions, and inorganic and organic compounds. Albumin is a type of protein,which is a normal component of plasmathe fluidcomponent of blood. Some of the more common types of abnormal urine include. Urochrome 1 ml of urine urine contains dissolved solutes, which are not found in distilled water and add to the density of the sample. Fresh urine that is cloudy is often the result of a bacterial urinary tract infection due to white blood cells in the urine. The semiquantitative detection of some abnormal constituents using teststrips. For this reason, qualitative and quantitative analysis of urine for the presence of abnormal constituents in it is very important in clinical practice. Turbid urine contains salt crystals that precipitate out as the specimen cooled. The traces of protein 10150 mg present in normal urine cannot be detected by the ordinary simple tests.
Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents dr. Protein containing urine from patients with glomerulone. Detection and estimation of some abnormal constituents. May 05, 2018 biochemistry urine analysis normal and abnormal urine constituents 1. Dec 11, 2018 the acidity of urine varies greatly depending on a persons diet and any medical conditions they may have. Anuria, complete suppression of urine, occurs in renal failure.
It is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water. Chemical examination of urine 2 confirmatory tests which may be indicated sometimes it may be necessary to measure chemicals in urine other than by the reagent strip methods. Refrigerated is best when infection is suspected 5. But when the glucose level in blood exceeds the renal threshold of glucose 160 180 mg dl, glucose starts to appear in urine. Qualitative analysis for pathological abnormal constituents. A routine physical exam for another condition can also lead to the discovery of gn. Explain at least 4 factors that can influence the color of urine. Introduction o urine is an excretory product of the body o it is formed in the body o urine examination helps in the dignosis of various disease volume. Generally, normal urine does not contain blood or blood cells. Ordinarily, glucose sugar is absent in normal urine. There are several conditions that can cause abnormal components to.
Haemoglobinuria is the presence of haemoglobin in urine. Biochemistry urine analysis normal and abnormal urine. Putnam advance biotechnology and power department summary this report defines the composition of typical human urine and presents experimental data on its chemical, physical, engineering, and concentrative properties. Pdf biochemical composition of normal urine find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Polyuria is the passage of large volume of urine in a given period. Of the physical tests that are available, only appearance of the urine will be observed. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water. Ketonuria may be present in diabetes and starvation or fasting. Presence of blood or hemoglobin makes the urine smoky or red colored.
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